In general an installation/ uninstallation proccess, provided you follow the procedure defined by the vendor and as long as it is concerning a verified program is never harmful to a system.
Specifically for your Question, if you unistall Visual Studio 2013:
- No harm will be done
- The other programs you are listing will not get unistalled (e.g .NET 4.5, SQL Express 2012 etc.)
- You wont have back your 5GB of space because Visual Studio 2013 is taking about 2 GB
- Most of other programs will be still functional (e.g SQL Server,SQl Management Studio)
If you want to have your 5 GB back you have to unistall all the remaining programs. Consider which of them will be of later use (e.g .NET 4.5) as well which take the most space (e.g SQL Express Server 2012)