Your project file does not reference the library. You only provide a path where libraries might be found, but there's no reference to the libusb library itself.
What you're missing is something like
LIBS += -llibusb
You also can't have multiple project file statements on the same line. The below is an error:
TARGET = Qt_libusb TEMPLATE = app
It should look like:
TARGET = Qt_libusb
TEMPLATE = app