You should use bind_param("s", $phoneNumber)
99% of the time. The other types are there only for exceptional situations where the correct type is necessary for the query to work.
Important: The binding type should be dictated by the column/operand type in SQL not by the data you have. It doesn't matter if your value is a number or a string, what matters is in what context it is used in SQL.
In your situation you claim that your phone number starts with a zero, but an integer cannot start with a zero unless it is a zero itself. It's mathematically wrong. Phone numbers are not integers! They are strings. You should store a phone number in a VARCHAR
column in your database.