In Tableau, you can check for null values with ZN expression (see here) or ISNULL expression (see here).
Then, you can create Calculated Fields for the subset of Null or Non-Null values, with this kind of structure
IF ZN([temperature]) = 0 THEN "show" END
or
IF ISNULL([temperature]) THEN "show" END
This gives you a new variable for which you can filter.
You can also string multiple variables in order to get more specific scenerios:
IF ISNULL([temperature]) AND [measurement_type] = "whatever" THEN "show" END