How can I search for a multiline pattern in a file?

Question

I needed to find all the files that contained a specific string pattern. The first solution that comes to mind is using find piped with xargs grep:

find . -iname '*.py' | xargs grep -e 'YOUR_PATTERN'

But if I need to find patterns that spans on more than one line, I'm stuck because vanilla grep can't find multiline patterns.

Answer 1

So I discovered pcregrep which stands for Perl Compatible Regular Expressions GREP.

For example, you need to find files where the '_name' variable is immediatelly followed by the '_description' variable:

find . -iname '*.py' | xargs pcregrep -M '_name.*\n.*_description'

Tip: you need to include the line break character in your pattern. Depending on your platform, it could be '\n', \r', '\r\n', ...

Answer 2

Why don't you go for awk:

awk '/Start pattern/,/End pattern/' filename

Answer 3

Here is the example using GNU grep:

grep -Pzo '_name.*\n.*_description'

-z/--null-data Treat input and output data as sequences of lines.

See also here

Answer 4

grep -P also uses libpcre, but is much more widely installed. To find a complete title section of an html document, even if it spans multiple lines, you can use this:

grep -P '(?s)<title>.*</title>' example.html

Since the PCRE project implements to the perl standard, use the perl documentation for reference:

• http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html#Modifiers
• http://perldoc.perl.org/perlre.html#Extended-Patterns

Answer 5

Here is a more useful example:

pcregrep -Mi "<title>(.*\n){0,5}</title>" afile.html

It searches the title tag in a html file even if it spans up to 5 lines.

Here is an example of unlimited lines:

pcregrep -Mi "(?s)<title>.*</title>" example.html 

Answer 6

With silver searcher:

ag 'abc.*(\n|.)*efg'

Speed optimizations of silver searcher could possibly shine here.

Answer 7

You can use the grep alternative sift here (disclaimer: I am the author).

It support multiline matching and limiting the search to specific file types out of the box:

sift -m --files '*.py' 'YOUR_PATTERN'

(search all *.py files for the specified multiline regex pattern)

It is available for all major operating systems. Take a look at the samples page to see how it can be used to to extract multiline values from an XML file.

Answer 8

This answer might be useful:

Regex (grep) for multi-line search needed

To find recursively you can use flags -R (recursive) and --include (GLOB pattern). See:

Use grep --exclude/--include syntax to not grep through certain files

Answer 9

perl -ne 'print if (/begin pattern/../end pattern/)' filename

Answer 10

Using ex/vi editor and globstar option (syntax similar to awk and sed):

ex +"/string1/,/string3/p" -R -scq! file.txt

where aaa is your starting point, and bbb is your ending text.

To search recursively, try:

ex +"/aaa/,/bbb/p" -scq! **/*.py

^{Note: To enable ** syntax, run shopt -s globstar (Bash 4 or zsh).}

Answer 11

@Marcin: awk example non-greedy:

awk '{if ($0 ~ /Start pattern/) {triggered=1;}if (triggered) {print; if ($0 ~ /End pattern/) { exit;}}}' filename