You're close, just use @*
in the nodes function to get all attributes
declare @data xml = '
<translation id="A">mi casa</translation>
<translation id="B">
<div style="width:100px; white-space:normal; line-height:13px;" onclick="DoSomething()">una gato</div>
</translation>
<translation id="C">ese</translation>'
select
t.c.value('local-name(.)', 'nvarchar(max)') as attr,
t.c.value('../../@id', 'nvarchar(max)') as parent,
t.c.value('.', 'nvarchar(max)') as value
from @data.nodes('translation/div/@*') as t(c)