It is definitely the AeDebug\Debugger key, sounds like you didn't "disable" it properly or overlooked the 32-bit version of the key.
Deleting vsjitdebugger.exe
from the c:\windows\syswow64 and system32 directories should remove the dialog as well. That's the program that displays this dialog and is referenced in the AeDebug key.
Also consider uninstalling Visual Studio since you have no use for it.