Whoops, so I realized the answer to this after posting it! >:O
I just need to make another function:
def h(i,list_of_numbers):
try: g(list_of_numbers[i])
except:
print (i,list_of_numbers[i]))
raise Exception("Danger Will Robinson!")
return i
Then I can just make my list comprehension:
[h(i) for i in range(n) if g(list_of_numbers[i]) > 0]
...and I guess that technique should work for executing any statement I want. Darn, I was so excited to finally have something to post on stack exchange!