You should create a physics world and add a border rectangle around the screen. This border must have a physics body that is set to collide with the physics body collision category given to your player node. If the player node starts inside the border, the player cannot leave the screen and no additional coding is required (besides properly setting up collision categories for each physics body)
RayWenderlich.com has easy to understand game tutorials that show how to handle collisions following the sprite kit manual.