What you need to specify after -L is the location of the following two .so files:
ubuntu@ubuntu-VirtualBox:~/vlc-test/vlc-qt/build$ find -iname \*.so
./src/widgets/libvlc-qt-widgets.so
./src/core/libvlc-qt.so
Normally you compile those libraries, by following this section in README.md:
Compilation
-----------
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ cmake .. -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=prefix
$ make