You can share your file in OSX to container in the following line:
OSX dir(host) -shared fold-> /vagrant(vagrant) -volume-> container dir(container)
but the the file is saved in you host not container.
If you want save the file in container and share it to your OSX host, all your container file is in a aufs dir in /var/lib/docker/aufs/mnt/{container id}, your can share this fold to you OSX by the feather supported by vagrant or others:
container dir(container) -aufs-> /var/lib/docker/aufs/mnt/{id}(vagrant) -some-> OSX dir(host)