You are right: You cannot change the size of the texture, as the texture essentially is the image: "An SKTexture object is an image that can be applied to SKSpriteNode objects or particles created by a SKEmitterNode object." (from the documentation).
Have you considered having a separate sprite for the explosion? Then you can simply replace the countdown-sprite with this when the countdown has reached zero. If you put a factory-class to create your sprites this will also save you a lot of hassle if you want to use the same explosion elsewhere in your game...