You could try to issue an 'AT+FCLASS=?' command. If the modem responds back with a string containing '8', then you can use the VOICE mode commands (VTX/VRX/VTR) perhaps. If it doesn't... which I expect from most GSM modems, then you're out of luck.
There might be a proprietary way to do it, but it might not be exposed through the serial port of the modem (pushing audio data through the serial line is very inefficient, so most modem chipsets would have a separate set of I2S / other interface pins for the audio).