http://caniuse.com/css-filters
Look at the "Android Browser" column. This represent the stock Android Browser and also the browser technology used in the WebView that gets instantiated by Phonegap/Cordova. Looks like you need Android 4.4 for general filter support. :(
In general I am finding http://caniuse.com a great reference for these little gotchas that pop up in cross platform development with Phonegap/Cordova.
I do my main development in Chrome on the desktop. I find this tends to match more closely the capabilities in the iOS browser tech than the Android browser tech for similarly aged hardware. So, in practice I keep continually making working versions of new features that work fine on desktop and fine on iOS. Then I try on Android and it doesn't work. Then I consult http://caniuse.com and figure out "oh, that CSS feature iOS had 3 version ago? Yeah, that won't be supported until Android 4.4...".
A little more than you asked for but may be helpful as you continue along.