Can I exec a stored procedure without using an .sql script file?
Yes. I don't know VisualBasic good enough but the basic principle is that you create the child process for sqlplus
and then send the commands via stdin (i.e. you have your script write to standard input of the child process).
Can I use .sql script files on a shared UNC path?
If the path is correct, then that should work. You can also try I/O redirection:
sqlplus user/pass@server < \\server\path\script.sql
The drawback of this approach is that the error messages won't include the .sql script name.