Try to redirect the standard error stream to stdout (by appending 2>&1
to the command), fetch that output and print it to check whether there was a meaningful error message
$cmd = "screen -dmS mcsrv java -Xmx512M -jar /var/www/srv/craftbukkit.jar -o true nogui";
$redirect = '2>&1';
// using variable substitution only for readability here
shell_exec("$cmd $redirect", $output);
var_dump($output);