I'm answering my own question, in case anyone else gets stuck at the same place.
After creating a new user in the IAM Management Console on AWS, that user must be given permission to do things. Under the "Permissions" tab, click the "Attach User Policy" button and then give that user permission to do whatever is prudent within your organization (in my case, the user was me, and the account is mine, so I gave myself admin permissions).
Then run
myCluster <- createCluster(numInstances = 2)
which works for me!