You can use Blobs to create objects from binary data that you later pass as an url for image decoding. Assuming you have the binary data stored as typed array you could do something like this:
var blob = new Blob([myTypedArray], {type: 'application/octet-binary'});
var url = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
Now you can pass that url as a source for image:
var img = new Image;
img.onload = function() {
URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
...
};
img.src = url;
Note that you still have make sure that the data you pass in is valid image format that the browser can handle.