如何从接口访问派生的类成员？

Question

我有三个课；邮票，字母和包裹实现接口iProduct，它们也具有自己的一些功能。

public interface IProduct
{
    string Name { get; }
    int Quantity { get; set; }
    float Amount { get; }
}

public class Stamp : IProduct
{
    public string Name { get { return "Stamp"; } }
    public int Quantity { get; set; }
    public float Amount { get; set; }
    public float UnitPrice { get; set; }
}

public class Letter : IProduct
{
    public string Name { get { return "Letter"; } }
    public int Quantity { get; set; }        
    public float Amount { get; set; }
    public float Weight { get; set; }
    public string Destination { get; set; }
}

public class Parcel : IProduct
{
    public string Name { get { return "Parcel"; } }
    public int Quantity { get; set; }        
    public float Amount { get; set; }
    public float Weight { get; set; }
    public string Destination { get; set; }
    public int Size { get; set; }
}

public static class ShoppingCart
{
    private static List<IProduct> products = new List<IProduct>();
    public static List<IProduct> Items { get { return products; } }
}

为什么我不能从一个 List<IProduct> ?

ShoppingCart.Items.Add(new Stamp { Quantity = 5, UnitPrice = 10, Amount = 50 });
ShoppingCart.Items.Add(new Letter { Destination = "US", Quantity = 1, Weight = 3.5f });
ShoppingCart.Items.Add(new Parcel { Destination = "UK", Quantity = 3, Weight = 4.2f, Size = 5 });

foreach (IProduct product in ShoppingCart.Items)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Quantity: {1}, Amount: {2}", product.Name, product.Quantity, product.Amount);
}

我想到了使用仿制药，但是在这种情况下，我必须为每种特定类型的产品编写单独的代码。

public static class ShoppingCart<T> where T : IProduct
{
    private static List<T> items = new List<T>();
    public static List<T> Items { get { return items; } }
}


ShoppingCart<Stamp>.Items.Add(new Stamp { Quantity = 5, Amount = 10, UnitPrice = 50 });
ShoppingCart<Letter>.Items.Add(new Letter { Destination = "US", Quantity = 1, Weight = 3.5f });

foreach (Stamp s in ShoppingCart<Stamp>.Items)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Quantity: {1}, Amount: {2}", s.Name, s.Quantity, s.Amount); 
}

foreach (Letter l in ShoppingCart<Letter>.Items)
{
    Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Destination: {1}, Weight: {2}", l.Name, l.Destination, l.Weight);      
}

对于这种问题，没有任何设计模式。工厂模式？

Answer 1

这是因为您将每件商品都铸在购物车中，作为foreach循环中的iProduct。您需要做的就是这样的事情：

foreach(IProduct product in ShoppingCart.Items)
{
    if (product is Stamp)
    {
        var stamp = product as Stamp;
        Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Quantity: {1}, Amount: {2}, UnitPrice: {3}", stamp.Name, stamp.Quantity, stamp.Amount, stamp.UnitPrice);
    }
    else if (product is Letter)
    {
        var letter = product as Letter;
        Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Quantity: {1}, Amount: {2}, Weight: {3}, Destination: {4}", letter.Name, letter.Quantity, letter.Amount, letter.Weight, letter.Destination);
    }
    else if (product is Parcel)
    {
        var parcel = product as Parcel;
        Console.WriteLine("Name: {0}, Quantity: {1}, Amount: {2}, Weight: {3}, Destination: {4}, Size: {5}", parcel.Name, parcel.Quantity, parcel.Amount, parcel.Weight, parcel.Destination, parcel.Size);
    }
}

您也正在重复不必要的属性 名称，数量和数量. 。您应该从产品中得出每个类：

public class Stamp: Product, IProduct
{
    public double UnitPrice { get; set; }
}

public class TransitProduct: Product, IProduct
{
    public double Weight { get; set; }
    public string Destination { get; set; }   
}

public class Letter: TransitProduct, IProduct
{
}

public class Parcel: TransitProduct, IProduct
{
    public double Size { get; set; }
}

Answer 2

您无法访问实现接口的类的其他成员 IProduct 在项目列表中。我将为购物车中的每个项目添加特定的列表类型，然后在购物车课上，然后您可以将购物车中所有产品的序列显示为只需要使用Iproduct界面的任何东西：

public class ShoppingCart
{
    public IList<Stamp> Stamps { get; }
    public IList<Letter> Letters { get; }
    public IList<Parcel> Parcels { get; }

    public IEnumerable<IProduct> Products
    {
        get
        {
            return this.Stamps.Cast<IProduct>()
                .Concat(this.Letters.Cast<IProduct>())
                .Concat(this.Parcels.Cast<IProduct>());
        }
    }
}

Answer 3

为什么我不能从一个 List<IProduct> ?

那是因为， IProduct 界面不知道 UnitPrice, Destination 派生类属性的等等。

您是否尝试添加智能来计算 Amount 到每个派生的类对象邮票，字母，包裹？

然后，我会说您需要重新设计一点并使用 装饰器设计图案.

DerivedClass::Amount()
{
  Base::Amount() + 
  //Amount logic based on derived class
}

Answer 4

您无法从派生类中访问其他成员的原因是您使用列表<>中的接口 - 因此，您只能访问该接口上的属性。

可能会帮助您的模式是双分配模式。

下面的示例：

public interface IHandler
{
    void Handle(Stamp stamp);
    void Handle(Letter letter);
    ...
}

public class Handler : IHandler
{
    public void Handle(Stamp stamp)
    {
       // do some specific thing here...
    }
    public void Handle(Letter letter)
    {
       // do some specific thing here...
    }
    ...
}

public interface IProduct
{
    string Name { get; }
    int Quantity { get; set; }
    float Amount { get; }
    void Handle(IHandler handler);
}

public class Stamp : IProduct
{
    public string Name { get { return "Stamp"; } }
    public int Quantity { get; set; }
    public float Amount { get; set; }
    public float UnitPrice { get; set; }
    public void Handle(IHandler handler)
    {
         handler.Handle(this);
    }
}

现在，您可以在处理程序中编程一些特定功能 - 我猜您想计算某种总价给定的东西，例如数量 *单位价格或重量和目的地查找表...