IN CONCLUSION:
The problems with this piece of functionality are:
- We can't check if the user is logged in because users can register on this page, hence until they register, they are not logged in, so they will supply a valid request on submit.
- The one page module is overwriting some of Magento's default validation behaviour, so we need to intercept the module's validation or write our own.
To solve the problem, we ultimately validated the fields for registration. If those are empty (if guest checkout is disabled), then the form cannot be submitted. A bit ugly, but functional.
Hope someone else can use that.