Sorry, that seems not to be possible.
Assuming that your hoster uses Linux, the file relevant to reading the encoding data is GlobalParams. Lines 170 and 677 deal with initializing the base data directory and the paths for encodings, and these use compile-time hard-coded values for the base directory. There is no facility to pass arguments to poppler
(and, as a consequence, to any package depending on it), and there also is no user-writable configuration file like for many other Linux software packages to change that behavior.
Your best chance is to ask your hosting provider to install these features for you. Many smaller providers will react friendly towards such a request. Otherwise, you'll have to change your provider.