After reading through the documentation for many different Linux distributions, I've found a solution that works for me: I just needed to specify the type of network I'm using. This command works for me:
qemu-kvm -net nic,model=rtl8139 -net user -hda /opt/WinXP2010.img -smb /path/to/shared/dir -m 1024
It seems like model=virtio is the recommended way to go, but I couldn't get the latest virtio driver to work. Fine with me, the Realtek driver does its job.