Probably the shortest possible instruction would be
- install ADFS 2 on one of your servers, configure it to use your Active Directory
Install WIF runtime and WIF SDK 4.0 on your dev machine (this assumes you use VS2010)
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=17331
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=4451
create an empty web application
- set authentication mode to "Windows", add authorization rule that prevents unauthenticated users (deny users="?")
- add an STS reference (right click on references and pick "Add STS Reference"), point to your ADFS metadata (https://your.adfs.address/FederationMetadata/2007-06/FederationMetadata.xml)
- Go to ADFS and add a Relying party trust - provide the address of your appliaction (https://your.application.address)
However, most of these steps involve multiple actions where things go wrong. Do not be discouraged, in case of issues just ask questions.