You should look into creating a Theme Pack in Windows 8
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb773190(v=vs.85).aspx
It looks like LaunchFileAsync() blocks certain file types and .theme and .deskthemepack are blocked. You will need have the user download the file to their desktop and then double-click on the file.
There is currently no way to set the desktop background - but you can set the lock screen background in a Windows Store app.