Tom was correct - My issue was:
NSManagedObjectModel *managedObjectModel = [NSManagedObjectModel mergedModelFromBundles:nil];
As I said, my project was a pretty big one, so I didn't realize that there were existing data models in it already, so the managed object model that I was creating when setting up Restkit was attempting to merge all of them together in the bundle and that clearly wouldn't work. My solution was to change the code such that I was only creating the managed object model with the specific model I was using for Restkit as follows:
NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"Model" ofType:@"momd"];
NSURL *url = [NSURL fileURLWithPath:path];
NSManagedObjectModel *managedObjectModel = [[NSManagedObjectModel alloc] initWithContentsOfURL:url];
Now, if I want to make changes to the model, I click on the newest version of the model I'm currently using, go to Editor -> Add Model Version and base the new model on the prior model. After making changes to the objects in the model, I make the newest model the "current" model under Model Version in the file inspector, and when I run the project it works great!