No. Currently it's not possible to switch to ES3-only in Chrome.
You can activate some of the ES6 features, on top of existing ES5 ones, using "Enable Experimental JavaScript" flag. So you can go forward but not back.
As ES6 continues to roll out, you probably won't be able to do go back to "just ES5" either. My understanding is that it's not worth keeping such "switches" in the engine, increasing complexity and size, while decreasing maintainability.
You can get pretty close to "ES3-only" by testing in older browsers like Safari 3.x or Opera 9.x (if you're avoiding IE8).