Okay, thanks to Mark (+1) for pointing me down a direction for solving this. This has to do with automating analytics deployment on CD servers.
Looking at section 6.2.1 of the ECM Administrator and Developers Guide, you can see that there are two tasks:
- Adding the Auto Publish action
- Updating the Web.config with a workflow provider for the default definition database
The goals were associated with the "Analytics Workflow", but they weren't going into a draft state after creating them and they weren't being properly deployed when saving.
After ensuring that the steps from the ECM dev guide were followed in the client's CM/CD environments, everything started working again.
Note: this may not be something someone normally sees with a default install. I had begun the process of implementing the ECM autopublish by editing the web.config files and had not completed the process of adding the "auto publish" action. Once I ensured that all items were correct, the process worked as expected.