Unfortunately it is not possible to set layout attributes (layout_*) from a theme (see Layout Parameters documentation and this answer from an Android framework engineer). You can however set the layout attributes in a style and let each element reference the style like this:
<Button style="@style/ButtonBig" android:text="my text" />
where ButtonBig is defined like this:
<style name="ButtonBig" parent="android:Widget.Holo.Light.Button">
<item name="android:textSize">20sp</item>
<item name="android:layout_width">match_parent</item>
<item name="android:layout_height">100dp</item>
</style>