It sounds like you are looking for the sort of notification/trigger functionality described in this feature request. In the absence of that feature I think the approach suggested in that thread by the user "cravergara" is your best bet - that is, you can alter the RSS river Elasticsearch plugin to update your DB whenever an article is indexed.
That would handle the indexing requirement. To sync the de-indexing, you should make sure that any code that deletes your Elasticsearch documents also deletes the corresponding DB records.