Structure of my database design?

Question

I've been developing a C# Bus System app using SQL, and I need some advice. I don't know if asking on here is the right thing to do, but I essentially need someone to analyse the .SQL file I have, where I have designed my database schema. Primary questions are really, is this designed in the right way (what is the right way?), are having UUIDs as primary keys for EVERY table necessary? Should it just be for the institution table? etc.

I don't know if there is anywhere I can go to pay an hour of their time to analyse it....

The SQL file is 430 lines long so, i've pasted it below, I apologise if this is not the right thing to do on here!

Thanks ^.^

-- version 5.0.2
-- https://www.phpmyadmin.net/
--
-- Host: edu-route-test-db.cqobdbj3xwim.us-east-1.rds.amazonaws.com:3306
-- Generation Time: Feb 28, 2021 at 01:45 PM
-- Server version: 8.0.20
-- PHP Version: 7.3.21

SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
START TRANSACTION;
SET time_zone = "+00:00";


/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8mb4 */;

--
-- Database: `EduRouteDB`
--

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `addresses`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `addresses`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `addresses` (
  `AddressId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `BuildingName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `StreetName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `Town` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `County` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `PostCode` varchar(8) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci NOT NULL,
  `Country` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`AddressId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `bookings`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `bookings`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `bookings` (
  `BookingId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  `StudentId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  `StartDate` date NOT NULL,
  `EndDate` date NOT NULL,
  `TimeBooked` time NOT NULL,
  `RouteId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  `StopId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  `UserId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`BookingId`),
  KEY `StudentId_Bookings_FK` (`StudentId`),
  KEY `RouteId_Bookings_FK` (`RouteId`),
  KEY `StopId_Bookings_FK` (`StopId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Bookings_FK` (`InstitutionId`),
  KEY `UserId_Bookings_FK` (`UserId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `buses`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `buses`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `buses` (
  `BusId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `BusName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `VehicleRegistrationNumber` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
  `Capacity` int NOT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  PRIMARY KEY (`BusId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Buses_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `buses_routes`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `buses_routes`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `buses_routes` (
  `BusId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  `RouteId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  KEY `BusId_BusesRoutes_FK` (`BusId`),
  KEY `RouteId_BusesRoutes_FK` (`RouteId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_BusesRoutes_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `drivers`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `drivers`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `drivers` (
  `DriverId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `DriverName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `BusId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `UserId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  PRIMARY KEY (`DriverId`),
  KEY `BusId_Drivers_FK` (`BusId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Drivers_FK` (`InstitutionId`),
  KEY `UserId_Drivers_FK` (`UserId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `institutions`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `institutions`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `institutions` (
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `InstituteName` varchar(256) DEFAULT NULL,
  `InstituteLogoFullPath` varchar(256) DEFAULT NULL,
  `InstituteJoinDate` date DEFAULT NULL,
  `IsActive` tinyint(1) DEFAULT NULL,
  `PrincipalName` varchar(256) DEFAULT NULL,
  `AddressId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  PRIMARY KEY (`InstitutionId`),
  KEY `AddressId_FK` (`AddressId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `parents`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `parents`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `parents` (
  `ParentId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `FirstName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `MiddleName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `LastName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `UserId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  PRIMARY KEY (`ParentId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Parents_FK` (`InstitutionId`),
  KEY `UserId_Parents_FK` (`UserId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `permissions`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `permissions`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `permissions` (
  `PermissionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `PermissionCategory` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `PermissionName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`PermissionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `roles`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `roles`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `roles` (
  `RoleId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `RoleType` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`RoleId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Roles_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `roles_permissions`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `roles_permissions`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `roles_permissions` (
  `RoleId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `PermissionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  KEY `RoleId_Roles_Permissions_FK` (`RoleId`),
  KEY `PermissionId_Roles_Permissions_FK` (`PermissionId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Roles_Permissions_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `routes`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `routes`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `routes` (
  `RouteId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `RouteName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `Mon` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `Tue` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `Wed` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `Thu` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `Fri` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `Sat` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `Sun` tinyint(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
  `StartDate` date NOT NULL,
  `EndDate` date NOT NULL,
  `StartTime` time NOT NULL,
  `EndTime` time NOT NULL,
  `CurrentNumberOfBookings` int NOT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  PRIMARY KEY (`RouteId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Routes_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `routes_stops`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `routes_stops`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `routes_stops` (
  `RouteId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `StopId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `Time` time NOT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  KEY `RouteId_RoutesStops_FK` (`RouteId`),
  KEY `StopId_RoutesStops_FK` (`StopId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_RoutesStops_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `staff`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `staff`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `staff` (
  `StaffId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `FirstName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `MiddleName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `LastName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `UserId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  KEY `UserId_FK` (`UserId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Staff_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `stops`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `stops`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `stops` (
  `StopId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `StopName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `Longitude` decimal(9,6) NOT NULL,
  `Latitude` decimal(9,6) NOT NULL,
  `AddressId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  PRIMARY KEY (`StopId`),
  KEY `AddressId_Stops_FK` (`AddressId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Stops_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `students`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `students`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `students` (
  `StudentId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `FirstName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `MiddleName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `LastName` varchar(256) NOT NULL,
  `DateOfBirth` date NOT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  PRIMARY KEY (`StudentId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_Student_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `students_parents`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `students_parents`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `students_parents` (
  `StudentId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `ParentId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  KEY `StudentId_StudentParent_FK` (`StudentId`),
  KEY `ParentId_StudentParent_FK` (`ParentId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_StudentParent_FK` (`InstitutionId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--
-- Table structure for table `users`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `users`;
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `users` (
  `UserId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `Email` varchar(256) DEFAULT NULL,
  `Password` char(60) CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_bin DEFAULT NULL,
  `InstitutionId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  `RoleId` binary(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT (uuid_to_bin(uuid())),
  PRIMARY KEY (`UserId`),
  KEY `InstitutionId_FK` (`InstitutionId`),
  KEY `RoleId_Users_FK` (`RoleId`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci;

--
-- Constraints for dumped tables
--

--
-- Constraints for table `bookings`
--
ALTER TABLE `bookings`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Bookings_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `RouteId_Bookings_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`RouteId`) REFERENCES `routes_stops` (`RouteId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `StopId_Bookings_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`StopId`) REFERENCES `routes_stops` (`StopId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `StudentId_Bookings_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`StudentId`) REFERENCES `students` (`StudentId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `UserId_Bookings_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`UserId`) REFERENCES `users` (`UserId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `buses`
--
ALTER TABLE `buses`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Buses_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `buses_routes`
--
ALTER TABLE `buses_routes`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `BusId_BusesRoutes_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`BusId`) REFERENCES `buses` (`BusId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_BusesRoutes_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `RouteId_BusesRoutes_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`RouteId`) REFERENCES `routes` (`RouteId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `drivers`
--
ALTER TABLE `drivers`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `BusId_Drivers_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`BusId`) REFERENCES `buses` (`BusId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Drivers_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `UserId_Drivers_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`UserId`) REFERENCES `users` (`UserId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `institutions`
--
ALTER TABLE `institutions`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `AddressId_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`AddressId`) REFERENCES `addresses` (`AddressId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `parents`
--
ALTER TABLE `parents`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Parents_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `UserId_Parents_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`UserId`) REFERENCES `users` (`UserId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `roles`
--
ALTER TABLE `roles`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Roles_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `roles_permissions`
--
ALTER TABLE `roles_permissions`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Roles_Permissions_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `PermissionId_Roles_Permissions_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`PermissionId`) REFERENCES `permissions` (`PermissionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `RoleId_Roles_Permissions_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`RoleId`) REFERENCES `roles` (`RoleId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `routes`
--
ALTER TABLE `routes`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Routes_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `routes_stops`
--
ALTER TABLE `routes_stops`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_RoutesStops_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `RouteId_RoutesStops_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`RouteId`) REFERENCES `routes` (`RouteId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `StopId_RoutesStops_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`StopId`) REFERENCES `stops` (`StopId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `staff`
--
ALTER TABLE `staff`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Staff_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `UserId_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`UserId`) REFERENCES `users` (`UserId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `stops`
--
ALTER TABLE `stops`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `AddressId_Stops_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`AddressId`) REFERENCES `addresses` (`AddressId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Stops_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `students`
--
ALTER TABLE `students`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_Student_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `students_parents`
--
ALTER TABLE `students_parents`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_StudentParent_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `ParentId_StudentParent_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`ParentId`) REFERENCES `parents` (`ParentId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `StudentId_StudentParent_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`StudentId`) REFERENCES `students` (`StudentId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;

--
-- Constraints for table `users`
--
ALTER TABLE `users`
  ADD CONSTRAINT `InstitutionId_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`InstitutionId`) REFERENCES `institutions` (`InstitutionId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE,
  ADD CONSTRAINT `RoleId_Users_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`RoleId`) REFERENCES `roles` (`RoleId`) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE;
COMMIT;

/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;

Answer 1

I quickly scanned your SQL file that generates your schema. I think you're off to a good start, a lot of it makes sense. These are the things that stood out to me that you might want to think about a little more (or some may make sense as is, based on your domain knowledge):

1. Storing the BusId column in drivers table limits you to only being able to define one driver per bus at a given time. I would expect this to be more route or booking dependent, as theoretically buses can be used by different drivers across different routes over different days. Or what happens if the normal driver for a given bus is out sick?...then a different driver could even take over. Another table of bus_drivers with a many-to-many relationship might be helpful here.

2. I don't think you have a need to store the InstitutionId on a lot of tables, as it appears to be redundant since you're able to access it referentially. For example, the parents table is referenced by students_parents which also references students. The InstitutionId already exists in students and therefore is redundant in the parents table and students_parents table.

3. The routes table has the Monday through Friday columns (e.g. Mon, Tue, etc). I assume this is a way to denote which routes operate on which days. This is ok, but might be better and give you more flexibility if you stored this information in a schedules table instead, that is perhaps driven by actual dates. Since again you can run into multiple situations like a route that is normally scheduled for Mondays but this coming Monday is a holiday so it actually isn't active that day this one time.

Outside of the above suggestions, to directly answer your questions on primary keys, yes you should always try to create a primary key on every table (except rare cases with staging tables, but that's not relevant to your schema here). Should they be the UUID data type is up to you. Though generally that's only important in cases where your database system runs distributed across multiple consumers who will be generating data simultaneously in parallel outside of your centralized database and you need a way to eventually consolidate that data into one centralized database, as a way to ensure global uniqueness. For example, in the context of a mobile application that allows users to create data while their device is offline and stores it in a local database on the device until they're back online and then synchronizes it to the main centralized database. Even in that scenario there are ways to use a different data type like an integer identity column as your primary key on the centralized database.

If your scenario doesn't involve the above use case, then I'd strongly recommend using an integer based auto_increment identity column as your primary key in each table. It'll require less data storage, guarantee uniqueness (since only one database is at play), auto generate itself, and more importantly be more efficient to index and JOIN on between your tables.