I am afraid the answer is no. You can only have the following keys for the text attributes from the NSString UIKit Additions Reference:
NSString *const UITextAttributeFont;
NSString *const UITextAttributeTextColor;
NSString *const UITextAttributeTextShadowColor;
NSString *const UITextAttributeTextShadowOffset;
But you can still set the titleView property of the UINavigationItem with UILabel and you can set the text alignment there.
You can create a base subclass of view controller, set the navigation item titleView property, and create subsequent view controllers by subclassing that base view controller.