Billing Agreements for non-PayPal customers

Question

Can Billing Agreements be created for users that don't have PayPal accounts (i.e. paying via Express Checkout directly with Credit Card)

Answer 1

If the person is using Express Checkout to setup a recurring payment profile or billing agreement they will need a PayPal account or they can create one during the checkout.

The only way to use billing agreement (reference transactions) or recurring payments with credit cards directly is to use Enhanced Subscriptions for Payments Standard, Payments Advanced with Recurring Billing, or Payments Pro with Recurring Billing.