Yes, you can. You just have to call it with an array like this:
Logger.Debug("My message: {0} {1}", formatParams: new object[] { 1, 2 });
For a single parameter, this isn't necessary, you can just use:
Logger.Debug("My message: {0}", formatParams: 1);
Note that in many cases, you can also use an implicitly typed array:
Logger.Debug("My message: {0} {1}", formatParams: new[] { 1, 2 });
However, this will pass an array of objects which contains a single array of integers. The parameter value would look actually like this:
new object[] { new int[] { 1, 2 } }