I solved it myself yey!
Instead of using
View viewItem = (View) listItFirstYearFirstSem.getAdapter().getView(index, getView(), listItFirstYearFirstSem);
I used
View viewItem = listItFirstYearFirstSem.getChildAt(index);
Then
CheckBox checkItem = (CheckBox) viewMy.findViewById(R.id.subject);
checkItem.setChecked(true);