Late answer on this: There's PowerTOP on Linux, but that works for Laptops only as it needs the battery discharge rate for that. It can display Watts per process, but don't ask me how accurate that is (personally I think there might be some problems with that). IIRC it counts the number of CPU wakeups from a CPU sleep state to calculate the energy consumption per process. Also, for AMD processors there's the fam15h_power driver in the lm-sensors software package. For rather new (2011 and newer) Bulldozer AMD CPUs you can get the energy consumption that way.
Note that RAPL does not provide energy consumption per core on a multicore CPU, but only for the whole CPU. You can get the energy consumption of core and non-core (like integrated graphics) separately, but per-core is not possible.