It's a ternary operator, shortcut of
$this->data = $data? $data : \Input::all();
From http://php.net/manual/en/language.operators.comparison.php
Since PHP 5.3, it is possible to leave out the middle part of the ternary operator.
Expression expr1 ?: expr3 returns expr1 if expr1 evaluates to TRUE, and expr3 otherwise.