No, Dalivk byte code only allows for fixed jumps. There is no equivalent of a jump register; all jumps are to an exact offset. I do not have an authorative reference for you, but I did happen to read this presentation yesterday, which explicitly mentions this limitation.
The presentation linked above also claims that Dalvik has some support for native code execution, which I would assume allows whatever types of branches the target architecture supports. But that has little to do with byte code.