If you want to do math based on the column-width, you should remove the $container-width
override. Then the math is pretty simple:
3 * $column-width + 2 * $gutter-width = 300px
That equation has many possible solutions, depending on the size gutters you want. Clearly you've already done that:
3 * 86.666666667px + 2 * 20 ~= 300px
or...
3 * 90px + 2 * 15px = 300px
etc. The only problem with your current setup is that you are overriding the columns-out math with your own $container-width
.