If you know the name to be extracted, echo file_to_be_extracted > temp.file
?
Or, more seriously, send the output from tar to a file:
tar -xvf tar_file.tar file_to_be_extracted 2>&1 | tee temp.file
This sends both standard error and standard output through tee
which writes to the named file and to its standard output. If all goes well, just the file name will be in the file. If something goes wrong, the error messages will be in the file instead.