In case anyone else runs into this, here's how this was solved:
Dim columns As Array
columns = RadGridViewExcelGridTest.MasterTableView.RenderColumns
For Each editedItem As GridEditableItem In RadGridViewExcelGridTest.EditItems
Dim newValues As Hashtable = New Hashtable
For Each column As GridColumn In columns
If (column.UniqueName <> "ExpandColumn" And column.UniqueName <> "RowIndicator" And column.UniqueName <> "DepartmentNumber" And column.UniqueName <> "ProjectNumber" And column.UniqueName <> "Alias" And column.UniqueName <> "Project" And column.UniqueName <> "Name") Then
e.Item.OwnerTableView.ExtractValuesFromItem(newValues, editedItem)
Dim columnValue As String = newValues(column.UniqueName)
SqlDataSourceExcelGridTest.UpdateParameters.Clear()
SqlDataSourceExcelGridTest.UpdateParameters.Add("DepartmentNumber", newValues("DepartmentNumber"))
SqlDataSourceExcelGridTest.UpdateParameters.Add("ProjectNumber", newValues("ProjectNumber"))
SqlDataSourceExcelGridTest.UpdateParameters.Add("Alias", newValues("Alias"))
SqlDataSourceExcelGridTest.UpdateParameters.Add("WorkWeek", column.UniqueName)
SqlDataSourceExcelGridTest.UpdateParameters.Add("WorkHours", columnValue)
SqlDataSourceExcelGridTest.Update()
editedItem.Edit = False
End If
Next
Next
Credit goes to Angel Petrov, a Telerik admin.