The general pattern is:
;WITH s AS
(
SELECT
key, -- may be multiple columns
date_col,
rn = ROW_NUMBER() OVER
(
PARTITION BY key -- again, may be multiple columns
ORDER BY date_col DESC
)
FROM dbo.SourceTable
)
UPDATE d
SET d.date_col = s.date_col
FROM dbo.DestinationTable AS d
INNER JOIN s
ON d.key = s.key -- one more time, may need multiple columns here
WHERE s.rn = 1;
I didn't try to map your table names and columns because (a) I didn't get from your word problem which table was the source and which was the destination and (b) those column names look like alphabet soup and I would have screwed them up anyway.
Did seem though that the OP got this specific code working:
;WITH s AS
(
SELECT
XDORD, XDLINE,
XDCURDT,
rn = ROW_NUMBER() OVER
(
PARTITION BY XDORD, XDLINE
ORDER BY XDCCTD DESC, XDCCTT desc
)
FROM dbo.DueDate
)
UPDATE d
SET d.PBDUE = s.XDCURDT
FROM dbo.PurchaseOrders AS d
INNER JOIN s
ON d.PBPO = s.XDORD AND d.PBSEQ = s.XDLINE
WHERE s.rn = 1;