Like payeli has answered: No, you cannot.
Firstly, because there is no API for accessing the other party's cellular information. Secondly, because Android doesn't actually know. You can delve into the source code of the TelephonyManager, and you'll see that it only contains information about the local telephony provider.
Furthermore, the internal Android class Connection also shows no hint of any such information. (Regardless of the information it contains, it isn't accessible from the API, not even via reflection.)
That being said, there are currently services that provide some insight into phone numbers. Here in the Netherlands, KPN provides an API for looking up caller information, including the current coverage state of the phone, whether it's roaming or not, and other details. I'm not sure if the API is public yet or not, but perhaps there's a similar service available in your region.