Do zombies exist ... in .NET?

Question 1

Is there a clearer definition of a "zombie thread" than what I've explained here?

Seems like a pretty good explanation to me - a thread that has terminated (and can therefore no longer release any resources), but whose resources (e.g. handles) are still around and (potentially) causing problems.

Can zombie threads occur on .NET? (Why/Why not?)
If applicable, How could I force the creation of a zombie thread in .NET?

They sure do, look, I made one!

[DllImport("kernel32.dll")]
private static extern void ExitThread(uint dwExitCode);

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    new Thread(Target).Start();
    Console.ReadLine();
}

private static void Target()
{
    using (var file = File.Open("test.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate))
    {
        ExitThread(0);
    }
}

This program starts a thread Target which opens a file and then immediately kills itself using ExitThread. ~~The resulting zombie thread will never release the handle to the "test.txt" file and so the file will remain open until the program terminates (you can check with process explorer or similar).~~ The handle to "test.txt" won't be released until GC.Collect is called - it turns out it is even more difficult than I thought to create a zombie thread that leaks handles)

If applicable, How can I leverage locking without risking a zombie thread scenario in .NET?

Don't do what I just did!

As long as your code cleans up after itself correctly (use Safe Handles or equivalent classes if working with unmanaged resources), and as long as you don't go out of your way to kill threads in weird and wonderful ways (safest way is just to never kill threads - let them terminate themselves normally, or through exceptions if necessary), the only way that you are going to have something resembling a zombie thread is if something has gone very wrong (e.g. something goes wrong in the CLR).

In fact its actually surprisingly difficult to create a zombie thread (I had to P/Invoke into a function that esentially tells you in the documentation not to call it outside of C). For example the following (awful) code actually doesn't create a zombie thread.

static void Main(string[] args)
{
    var thread = new Thread(Target);
    thread.Start();
    // Ugh, never call Abort...
    thread.Abort();
    Console.ReadLine();
}

private static void Target()
{
    // Ouch, open file which isn't closed...
    var file = File.Open("test.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate);
    while (true)
    {
        Thread.Sleep(1);
    }
    GC.KeepAlive(file);
}

Despite making some pretty awful mistakes, the handle to "test.txt" is still closed as soon as Abort is called (as part of the finalizer for file which under the covers uses SafeFileHandle to wrap its file handle)

The locking example in C.Evenhuis answer is probably the easiest way to fail to release a resource (a lock in this case) when a thread is terminated in a non-weird way, but thats easily fixed by either using a lock statement instead, or putting the release in a finally block.

See also

Subtleties of C# IL codegen for a very subtle case where an exception can prevent a lock from being released even when using the lock keyword (but only in .Net 3.5 and earlier)
Locks and exceptions do not mix

Question 2

I've cleaned up my answer a bit, but left the original one below for reference

It’s the first time I've heard of the term zombies so I'll assume its definition is:

A thread that has terminated without releasing all of its resources

So given that definition, then yes, you can do that in .NET, as with other languages (C/C++, java).

However, I do not think this as a good reason not to write threaded, mission critical code in .NET. There may be other reasons to decide against .NET but writing off .NET just because you can have zombie threads somehow doesn't make sense to me. Zombie threads are possible in C/C++ (I'd even argue that it’s a lot easier to mess up in C) and a lot of critical, threaded apps are in C/C++ (high volume trading, databases etc).

Conclusion If you are in the process of deciding on a language to use, then I suggest you take the big picture into consideration: performance, team skills, schedule, integration with existing apps etc. Sure, zombie threads are something that you should think about, but since it’s so difficult to actually make this mistake in .NET compared to other languages like C, I think this concern will be overshadowed by other things like the ones mentioned above. Good luck!

Original Answer Zombies^† can exist if you don't write proper threading code. The same is true for other languages like C/C++ and Java. But this is not a reason not to write threaded code in .NET.

And just like with any other language, know the price before using something. It also helps to know what is happening under the hood so you can foresee any potential problems.

Reliable code for mission critical systems is not easy to write, whatever language you're in. But I'm positive it’s not impossible to do correctly in .NET. Also AFAIK, .NET threading is not that different from threading in C/C++, it uses (or is built from) the same system calls except for some .net specific constructs (like the light weight versions of RWL and event classes).

^†_{first time I've heard of the term zombies but based on your description, your colleague probably meant a thread that terminated without release all resources. This could potentially cause a deadlock, memory leak or some other bad side effect. This is obviously not desirable but singling out .NET because of this possibility is probably not a good idea since it’s possible in other languages too. I'd even argue that it’s easier to mess up in C/C++ than in .NET (especially so in C where you don't have RAII) but a lot of critical apps are written in C/C++ right? So it really depends on your individual circumstances. If you want to extract every ounce of speed from your application and want to get as close to bare metal as possible, then .NET might not be the best solution. If you are on a tight budget and do a lot of interfacing with web services/existing .net libraries/etc then .NET may be a good choice.}

Question 3

Right now most of my answer has been corrected by the comments below. I won't delete the answer ~~because I need the reputation points~~ because the information in the comments may be valuable to readers.

Immortal Blue pointed out that in .NET 2.0 and up finally blocks are immune to thread aborts. And as commented by Andreas Niedermair, this may not be an actual zombie thread, but the following example shows how aborting a thread can cause problems:

class Program
{
    static readonly object _lock = new object();

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Thread thread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(Zombie));
        thread.Start();
        Thread.Sleep(500);
        thread.Abort();

        Monitor.Enter(_lock);
        Console.WriteLine("Main entered");
        Console.ReadKey();
    }

    static void Zombie()
    {
        Monitor.Enter(_lock);
        Console.WriteLine("Zombie entered");
        Thread.Sleep(1000);
        Monitor.Exit(_lock);
        Console.WriteLine("Zombie exited");
    }
}

However when using a lock() { } block, the finally would still be executed when a ThreadAbortException is fired that way.

The following information, as it turns out, is only valid for .NET 1 and .NET 1.1:

If inside the lock() { } block an other exception occurs, and the ThreadAbortException arrives exactly when the finally block is about to be ran, the lock is not released. As you mentioned, the lock() { } block is compiled as:

finally 
{
    if (lockWasTaken) 
        Monitor.Exit(temp); 
}

If another thread calls Thread.Abort() inside the generated finally block, the lock may not be released.

Question 4

This isn't about Zombie threads, but the book Effective C# has a section on implementing IDisposable, (item 17), which talks about Zombie objects which I thought you may find interesting.

I recommend reading the book itself, but the gist of it is that if you have a class either implementing IDisposable, or containing a Desctructor, the only thing you should be doing in either is releasing resources. If you do other things here, then there is a chance that the object will not be garbage collected, but will also not be accessible in any way.

It gives an example similar to below:

internal class Zombie
{
    private static readonly List<Zombie> _undead = new List<Zombie>();

    ~Zombie()
    {
        _undead.Add(this);
    }
}

When the destructor on this object is called, a reference to itself is placed on the global list, meaning it stays alive and in memory for the life of the program, but isn't accessible. This may mean that resources (particularly unmanaged resources) may not be fully released, which can cause all sorts of potential issues.

A more complete example is below. By the time the foreach loop is reached, you have 150 objects in the Undead list each containing an image, but the image has been GC'd and you get an exception if you try to use it. In this example, I am getting an ArgumentException (Parameter is not valid) when I try and do anything with the image, whether I try to save it, or even view dimensions such as height and width:

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        for (var i = 0; i < 150; i++)
        {
            CreateImage();
        }

        GC.Collect();

        //Something to do while the GC runs
        FindPrimeNumber(1000000);

        foreach (var zombie in Zombie.Undead)
        {
            //object is still accessable, image isn't
            zombie.Image.Save(@"C:\temp\x.png");
        }

        Console.ReadLine();
    }

    //Borrowed from here
    //http://stackoverflow.com/a/13001749/969613
    public static long FindPrimeNumber(int n)
    {
        int count = 0;
        long a = 2;
        while (count < n)
        {
            long b = 2;
            int prime = 1;// to check if found a prime
            while (b * b <= a)
            {
                if (a % b == 0)
                {
                    prime = 0;
                    break;
                }
                b++;
            }
            if (prime > 0)
                count++;
            a++;
        }
        return (--a);
    }

    private static void CreateImage()
    {
        var zombie = new Zombie(new Bitmap(@"C:\temp\a.png"));
        zombie.Image.Save(@"C:\temp\b.png");
    }
}

internal class Zombie
{
    public static readonly List<Zombie> Undead = new List<Zombie>();

    public Zombie(Image image)
    {
        Image = image;
    }

    public Image Image { get; private set; }

    ~Zombie()
    {
        Undead.Add(this);
    }
}

Again, I am aware you were asking about zombie threads in particular, but the question title is about zombies in .net, and I was reminded of this and thought others may find it interesting!

Question 5

On critical systems under heavy load, writing lock-free code is better primarily because of the performance improvments. Look at stuff like LMAX and how it leverages "mechanical sympathy" for great discussions of this. Worry about zombie threads though? I think that's an edge case that's just a bug to be ironed out, and not a good enough reason not to use lock.

Sounds more like your friend is just being fancy and flaunting his knowledege of obscure exotic terminology to me! In all the time I was running the performance labs at Microsoft UK, I never came across an instance of this issue in .NET.

Question 6

1.Is there a clearer definition of a "zombie thread" than what I've explained here?

I do agree that "Zombie Threads" exist, it's a term to refer to what happens with Threads that are left with resources that they don't let go of and yet don't completely die, hence the name "zombie," so your explanation of this referral is pretty right on the money!

2.Can zombie threads occur on .NET? (Why/Why not?)

Yes they can occur. It's a reference, and actually referred to by Windows as "zombie": MSDN uses the Word "Zombie" for Dead processes/threads

Happening frequently it's another story, and depends on your coding techniques and practices, as for you that like Thread Locking and have done it for a while I wouldn't even worry about that scenario happening to you.

And Yes, as @KevinPanko correctly mentioned in the comments, "Zombie Threads" do come from Unix which is why they are used in XCode-ObjectiveC and referred to as "NSZombie" and used for debugging. It behaves pretty much the same way... the only difference is an object that should've died becomes a "ZombieObject" for debugging instead of the "Zombie Thread" which might be a potential problem in your code.

Question 7

I can make zombie threads easily enough.

var zombies = new List<Thread>();
while(true)
{
    var th = new Thread(()=>{});
    th.Start();
    zombies.Add(th);
}

This leaks the thread handles (for Join()). It's just another memory leak as far as we are concerned in the managed world.

Now then, killing a thread in a way that it actually holds locks is a pain in the rear but possible. The other guy's ExitThread() does the job. As he found, the file handle got cleaned up by the gc but a lock around an object wouldn't. But why would you do that?

Do zombies exist ... in .NET?

Update