Have you tried Locale.getISO3Country() ?
To actually do the conversion, you might need to loop through all the available locales and look for the one whose getDisplayCountry() matches your input country name.
It doesn't sound efficient (but you said to not use maps), but you might try something like:
Locale convertCountryNameToIsoCode(String countryName)
for(Locale l : Locale.getAvailableLocales()) {
if (l.getDisplayCountry().equals(countryName)) {
return l;
}
}
return null;
}
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Locale.html#getISO3Country()
However, if the input comes from a web form, than it would be easier to set the country code directly as the web form input value. If the input comes from an Android native App, then I'm not sure but I'd bet you might a similar thing