Speaking only about Wi-Fi protocol (802.11n) there is no way for a STA to find the others STAs. A STA can only scan for APs.
But there is a new Wi-Fi protocol called Wi-Fi Direct in which you can search for PEERs. In this case, the other devices needs to have Wi-Fi Direct enabled ...
If you want to use only the "default" Wi-Fi, you can sniff all channels and check for probe request frames. But it's not straightforward.
Note: I assume that we are only in "infrastructure mode" cause the "ad-hoc mode" is not very used