When you see this schema, it means you are using Jackalope Doctrine DBAL, which is one possible implementation of the PHPCR API. This implements PHPCR on top of a relational database. Unfortunately, there is not too much documentation available, but all of those tables are used.
If you want to learn more about PHPCR, i recommend to have a look at this PHPCR Tutorial . If you really want to understand the database schema in detail, you will need to dig through the source code of Hackalope Doctrine DBAL.
Note that you can also use doctrine ORM with the CMF. The RoutingBundle already brings mapping for it, for other bundles it would be doable to implement ORM mappings and we would be glad for contributions.
PS: I never figured out how to get notifications after the initial notification on stackoverflow, so best open an issue on the relevant github repository if you need more information.