I have found a solution on my own. The problem was seemingly caused by accessing a selected item in a slot-method, that was connected to the signal itemSelectionChanged(). Here I accessed the text of the selected item via
string text = ui->listWidget->selectedItems().first()->text().toStdString();
Afterwards the crash appeared as described in my question by calling e.g. clear(). I guess the selection process is not finished, when itemSelectionChanged() is emitted and the QListWidget gets somehow confused, when the selected items are already accessed at this point of time. After replacing the signal by itemClicked(QListWidgetItem*), the application no longer crashed.