When using any community cookbook, you should always read the recipes in depth as well. You would notice that the jenkins::server recipe allows you to set url in that hash as well as name and version.
In this particular case, you could override attributes like so:
node.override['jenkins']['server']['plugins'] = [
{
'name' => 'custom_plugin',
'version' => '0.3',
'url' => 'http://myrepo/jenkins/plugins/0.3/custom_plugin.hpi'
}]
In the general case however, if this recipe wasn't flexible like this, then you would have to create a cookbook, that depends on the other cookbook (you don't have to execute the recipes, just depend on it), and define the resources using the LWRP in your own recipe.