The x and y (and z, if you want 3D!) coordinates are calculated with a "layout", ForceAtlas being one of these layouts. You either apply the layout in Gephi desktop version, or programmatically through a Java program utilizing the Gephi Toolkit Java library, available here: https://gephi.org/toolkit/
An example of running a layout: https://wiki.gephi.org/index.php/Toolkit_-_Layout_graph
Then you can export your network in a format that preserves nodes coordinates - the gexf format is a good one. Script to export a graph to gexf format using the toolkit: https://wiki.gephi.org/index.php/Toolkit_-_Export_graph