Error handling in file opening

Question

[Question 1]

When I open a file into a function, generally I do something like this:

int read_file (char *filename)
{
    FILE *fin;

    if ( !(fin = fopen(filename, "r")) )
        return 1;

    /* ... */

    return fclose(fin);
}

int main ()
{
    char filename[100];

    if ( read_file(filename) )
    {
        perror(filename);
        exit(1);
    }

    return 0;
}

Generally 0 return value is for errors (right?) then I can change the previous code into:

int read_file (char *filename)
{
    FILE *fin;

    if ( !(fin = fopen(filename, "r")) )
        return 0;

    /* ... */

    return !fclose(fin);
}

int main ()
{
    char filename[100];

    if ( !read_file(filename) )
    {
        perror(filename);
        exit(1);
    }

    return 0;
}

But I think that the first code is more clean.

Another option is only change return 1; into return -1; (in the first code that I wrote).

What's the best version?

[Question 2]

If I must handle more errors, is it correct a code like this?

int read_file (char *filename, int **vet)
{
    FILE *fin;

    if ( !(fin = fopen(filename, "r")) )
    {
        perror(filename);
        return 1;
    }

    * vet = malloc (10 * sizeof(int));
    if ( *vet == NULL )
    {
        perror("Memory allocation error.\n");
        return 1;   
    }

    /* ... */

    return fclose(fin);
}

int main ()
{
    char filename[100];
    int *vet;

    if ( read_file(filename, &vet) )
        exit(1);

    return 0;
}

Answer 1

Re Q1:

a) Most POSIX functions actually return -1 (or <0) for errors, not 0. Look at (for instance) open(), close(), read(), write() and so forth. The exception is the POSIX calls that return pointers, e.g. fopen(), which returns a FILE *. These return NULL on error.

b) I code my code to work like POSIX functions, which is similar the innards of many linux programs. I would call this 'the UNIX C standard'. However, many C++ programs and Java programs use true for success and false for failure. When these programmers move to C, they use 1 for success, and 0 for failure. This isn't wrong, but does cause confusion (well, causes me confusion). The worst result is when both standards are used in the same program. Picking a standard and sticking to it is more important than which standard you choose.

c) My own choice (in relation to Q1), would be to return -1 on error (i.e. as per your 'another choice' line).

Re Q2: mostly right, yes.

a) If your program is successful, better to exit(0) than return 0 I believe.

b) Quite where you perror is up to you. Perhaps you want to print the error in main().

c) Using perror immediately followed by exit(1) (or perhaps a different exit code depending on the error) is reasonable normal if you have no clean up to do or clean up within atexit.

d) If you are returning the result of fclose() on error, then the return if fopen fails should be -1 (or EOF) not 1 as if fclose() fails it returns EOF (otherwise known as -1).

e) Nit: your main function should have parameters (e.g. int main(char **argv, int argc))